Immunization Analysis and Insights
The Immunization Analysis & Insights Unit is a data hub and analytics engine for immunization data and performs analytics. The unit supports the work of other technical units within the department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB) and drives innovation in data quality and use in countries. It also has responsibility for IVB’s global work on VPD surveillance and generating data and evidence on the public health and economic impact of vaccines.

Full Value of improved Influenza Vaccine Assessment (FVIVA)

The Full Value of Improved Seasonal Influenza Vaccines Assessment (FVIVA) is a WHO guidance report that examines the potential public health, economic and societal value of developing and using improved seasonal influenza vaccines. The assessment brings together evidence and modelling estimates to support informed dialogue among governments, researchers, manufacturers, funders and partners on vaccine development, financing and policy considerations.
 

Key messages

  • Seasonal influenza remains a significant global public health challenge, with substantial morbidity and mortality each year.
  • Improved vaccines with broader, longer-lasting and more consistent protection could help reduce infections, hospitalizations and deaths, particularly among populations at higher risk of severe disease.
  • Under certain conditions, improved vaccines could be cost-effective or cost-saving in many countries; the potential impact depends on context, including disease burden, health system capacity, vaccine pricing and programmatic considerations.

Improved influenza vaccination may also contribute to reduced antibiotic use, with modelling suggesting substantial potential reductions in influenza-associated antibiotic consumption (with wide uncertainty).

What the FVIVA covers

The FVIVA synthesizes evidence across the vaccine development and introduction pathway, including:

  • global public health need and current disease burden;
     
  • development pipeline and scientific/regulatory considerations;
     
  • country decision-making criteria and vaccine attribute preferences;
     
  • market demand and supply considerations;
     
  • health impact, cost-effectiveness and financial sustainability; and
     
  • implementation considerations and equity, including barriers and enablers in low-resource settings.

 

How the FVIVA can be used

Decisions on influenza vaccination policies and investments remain the responsibility of national authorities. The FVIVA is intended as a resource to inform evidence-informed discussions, for example:

  • Vaccine developers: to understand product attributes most likely to deliver public health value and inform R&D strategies.
     
  • Funders and technical partners: to identify where targeted support could help address challenges in development, manufacturing or implementation.
     
  • Policy-makers and national immunization programmes: to inform deliberations on influenza vaccination strategies and potential integration within life-course immunization approaches.

 

Related resources

4 December 2025

WHO preferred product characteristics for next generation influenza vaccines, second edition

Bresee J, Koh M, Chadwick C, Jit M, Soble A, Lambach P. The need and ongoing efforts to understand the full value of improved influenza vaccines. Vaccine. 2023;41(48):7044-7046. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.047

Waterlow NR, Procter SR, van Leeuwen E, Radhakrishnan S, Jit M, Eggo RM. The potential cost-effectiveness of next generation influenza vaccines in England and Wales: A modelling analysis. Vaccine. 2023;41(41):6017-6024. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.031

Waterlow NR, Radhakrishnan S, Dawa J, et al. Potential health and economic impact of paediatric vaccination using next-generation influenza vaccines in Kenya: a modelling study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):106. Published 2023 Mar 22. doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02830-w

Trotter C, Giersing B, Lindstrand A, et al. A Practical Guide to Full Value of Vaccine Assessments. Vaccines (Basel). 2024;12(2):201. Published 2024 Feb 16. doi:10.3390/vaccines12020201

More publications related to influenza and vaccine

Acknowledgements / partners

This FVIVA was coordinated by the WHO Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, in collaboration with partners including the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), MMGH Consulting, and the Task Force for Global Health (TFGH). 

FVIVA Technical Advisory Group (TAG)

  • Jon Abramson
  • Salah Al Awaidy
  • Edwine Barasa
  • Silvia Bino
  • Rebecca Cox
  • Luzhao Feng
  • Jodie McVernon
  • Harish Nair
  • Anthony Newall
  • Punnee Pitisuttithum

Contact

Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB)
World Health Organization, Geneva
Email: vaccines@who.int